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There is no mechanical connection between ICE and transmission, thus ICE can operate at maximum efficient point by regulating the output power of battery to satisfy the required power of vehicle.
#Types of hybrid vehicles series
Configuration of Series HEVįrom Figure 3(a), we can see that the series HEV is composed of ICE, generator, power converter, motor, and battery. Finally, the main points and significant results of this paper are summarized in conclusions. Configurations and main issues of HEV are described in Section 2 with emphasis on the energy management (EM). Different from other papers, control principles of HEV is explained in detail in this paper.
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FCEV has long-term potential for future main stream vehicles, however the technology of its cost and refueling system is still in early development stage, thus this paper mainly discusses HEV.
#Types of hybrid vehicles full
The battery initial cost and battery management create bottleneck in PEVs in spite of zero emission these two barriers cannot be solved in the near future, so the HEV is the interim solution before the full commercialization of PEV when there is a breakthrough in battery initial cost and management. We can see that electric motor drives technique, in which the field-oriented control (FOC) and variable-voltage variable frequency (VVVF) are adapted widely, is the common technique in EV. Today, they are in different stages of development due to existing technology, the major characteristics and features of three types of EV as shown in Table 1. EV can be classified into three types: pure electric vehicles (PEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). So, Automobile Company sis forced to develop EV for low-emission and high-fuel economy under laws and market together.ĮV is a road vehicle which involves with electric propulsion.
#Types of hybrid vehicles plus
Meanwhile, fuel duty taxes were imposed by government higher crude oil price plus fuel duty taxes result in higher fuel prices. It is reported that vehicles emission accounts for 39.2% of the total emission in 2007 there must be a drastic reduction in emission if humans want to avoid catastrophic greenhouse effect, thus the governments all over the world adapt strict emission regulations, for example, Emission Standard of Automobile of Europe IV Standard has been put in practice in Europe since 2005. So, the energy conservation and environmental protection are growing concerns around the world. If all vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines, the gasoline and diesel oil will be depleted quickly, and the emission will result in green house effect. We can see from Figure 1 that the global population will increase from 6 billion in 2000 to 10 billion in 2050, and Figure 2 illustrates the global vehicles will increase from 700 million to 2.5 billion consequently. First, let us investigate the global growth of population and vehicles in the next 50 years. But with the improvement in the internal combustion engine (ICE), ICE vehicles (conventional vehicles) have occupied an absolute share in the market pure electric vehicles (PEVs) have almost disappeared since 1930’s. In 1834, the first vehicle, actually a tricycle, powered by battery, was developed. A comprehensive overview of HEVs is presented in this paper, with the emphasis on configurations, main issues, and energy management strategies. As the environmental pollution and energy crises are getting more and more remarkable, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have taken on an accelerated pace in the world.